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<title>Intersective modifier</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersective modifier</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, an <b>intersective modifier</b> is an expression which <a href="Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifies</a> another by delivering the <a href="Set_intersection" class="mw-redirect" title="Set intersection">intersection</a> of their <a href="Denotation" title="Denotation">denotations</a>. One example is the English adjective "blue", whose intersectivity can be seen in the fact that being a "blue pig" <a href="Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">entails</a> being both blue and a pig. By contrast, the English adjective "former" is non-intersective since a "former president" is neither former nor a president.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When a modifier is intersective, its contribution to the sentence's truth conditions do not depend on the particular expression it modifies. This means that one can test whether a modifier is intersective by seeing whether it gives rise to <a href="Validity_(logic)" title="Validity (logic)">valid</a> reasoning patterns such as the following.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li>Floyd is a Canadian surgeon.</li>

<li>Floyd is an arsonist.</li>

<li><i>Valid:</i> Therefore Floyd is a Canadian arsonist.</li></ol>

<p>With a non-intersective modifiers such as "skillful", the equivalent <a href="Deduction_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deduction (logic)">deduction</a> would not be valid.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li>Floyd is a skillful surgeon.</li>

<li>Floyd is an arsonist.</li>

<li><i>Not valid:</i> Therefore Floyd is a skillful arsonist.</li></ol>

<p>Modifiers can be <a href="Ambiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguous">ambiguous</a>, having both intersective and nonintersective interpretations. For instance, the example below has an intersective reading on which Oleg is both beautiful and a dancer, but it also has a merely <a href="Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">subsective</a> reading on which Oleg dances beautifully but need not himself be beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li>Oleg is a beautiful dancer.</li></ol>

<p>On a textbook semantics for modification, an intersective modifier <a href="Denotation" title="Denotation">denotes</a> the set of individuals which have the property in question. When the modifier modifies a modifiee which also denotes a set of individuals, the resulting phrase denotes the intersection of their denotations.<sup id="cite_ref-hnk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\![{\text{blue}}]\!]=\{x\,|\,x{\text{ is blue }}\}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./93ef31572a204182e797e3106ed20927bb4ce808.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\![{\text{blue}}]\!]=\{x\,|\,x{\text{ is blue }}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></li>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\![{\text{blue pig}}]\!]=\{x\,|\,x{\text{ is blue }}\}\cap \{x\,|\,x{\text{ is a pig }}\}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./465e17f811647a69c61ac8dc0efafe44c2c44105.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.971ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\![{\text{blue pig}}]\!]=\{x\,|\,x{\text{ is blue }}\}\cap \{x\,|\,x{\text{ is a pig }}\}}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ol>

<p>Such meanings can be <a href="Compositionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositionality">composed</a> either by introducing an interpretation rule <i>Predicate Modification</i> which hard-codes intersectivity. However, this mode of composition can also be delivered by standard <i>Function Application</i> if the modifier is given a higher <a href="Type_theory" title="Type theory">semantic type</a>, either lexically or by applying a <a href="Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">type shifter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hnk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li><i>Predicate Modification Rule:</i> If <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> is a branching node with daughters <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> where <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\![\beta ]\!],[\![\gamma ]\!]\in {\mathcal {D}}_{\langle e,t\rangle }}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\![\beta ]\!],[\![\gamma ]\!]\in {\mathcal {D}}_{\langle e,t\rangle }}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./9996e483ad0f0b6d767396a4c939e496747225f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:15.216ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\![\beta ]\!],[\![\gamma ]\!]\in {\mathcal {D}}_{\langle e,t\rangle }}" loading="lazy"></span>, then <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [\![\alpha ]\!]=\lambda x_{e}\,.\,x\in [\![\beta ]\!]\cap [\![\gamma ]\!]}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [\![\alpha ]\!]=\lambda x_{e}\,.\,x\in [\![\beta ]\!]\cap [\![\gamma ]\!]}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./519a55beed3aba2b22fd1be1daa23f932173581b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [\![\alpha ]\!]=\lambda x_{e}\,.\,x\in [\![\beta ]\!]\cap [\![\gamma ]\!]}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ol>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intersective" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:intersective">intersective</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a> – Part of speech that defines a noun or pronoun</li>

<li><a href="Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">Grammatical modifier</a> – Optional element in phrase or clause structure</li>

<li><a href="Prepositional_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional phrase">Prepositional phrase</a> – Phrase modifying a lexical item<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clause</a> – Grammatical structure in some languages</li>

<li><a href="Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modifier</a> – Type of linguistic element</li>

<li><a href="Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjective</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMorzycki2016" class="citation book cs1">Morzycki, Marcin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morzycki.github.io/work/papers/modification_book.pdf"><i>Modification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>16.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kennedy, Chris (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://semantics.uchicago.edu/kennedy/docs/routledge.pdf">"Adjectives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Graff Fara, Delia; Russell, Gillian (eds.). <i>The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Language</i>. Routledge.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorzycki2016" class="citation book cs1">Morzycki, Marcin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morzycki.github.io/work/papers/modification_book.pdf"><i>Modification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 16.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorzycki2016" class="citation book cs1">Morzycki, Marcin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morzycki.github.io/work/papers/modification_book.pdf"><i>Modification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorzycki2016" class="citation book cs1">Morzycki, Marcin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morzycki.github.io/work/papers/modification_book.pdf"><i>Modification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 19.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-hnk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hnk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeimKratzer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Irene_Heim" title="Irene Heim">Heim, Irene</a>; <a href="Angelika_Kratzer" title="Angelika Kratzer">Kratzer, Angelika</a> (1998). <i>Semantics in Generative Grammar</i>. Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>68. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0631197133</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li>

<li><a href="Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li>

<li><a href="Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li>

<li><a href="Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li>

<li><a href="Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li>

<li><a href="Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li>

<li><a href="Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li>

<li><a href="Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li>

<li><a href="Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li>

<li><a href="Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li>

<li><a href="Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li>

<li><a href="Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li>

<li><a href="Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li>

<li><a href="Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li>

<li><a href="Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li>

<li><a href="Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li>

<li><a href="Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li>

<li><a href="Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li>

<li><a href="Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li>

<li><a href="Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li>

<li><a href="Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li>

<li><a href="Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li>

<li><a href="T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li>

<li><a href="Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li>

<li><a href="Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li>

<li><a href="Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a>

<ul><li><a href="Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li>

<li><a href="Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Denotation" title="Denotation">Denotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_entailment" title="Linguistic entailment">Entailment</a></li>

<li><a href="Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">Extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Generalized quantifier</a></li>

<li><a href="Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form</a></li>

<li><a href="Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Scope_(formal_semantics)" title="Scope (formal semantics)">Scope</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>

<li><a href="Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Truth-conditional_semantics" title="Truth-conditional semantics">Truth conditions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>

<li><a href="Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">Binding</a></li>

<li><a href="Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">Conditionals</a></li>

<li><a href="Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li>

<li><a href="Disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunction">Disjunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li>

<li><a href="Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexicality" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li>

<li><a href="Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a></li>

<li><a href="Propositional_attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional attitudes">Propositional attitudes</a></li>

<li><a href="Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">Quantification</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antecedent-contained_deletion" title="Antecedent-contained deletion">Antecedent-contained deletion</a></li>

<li><a href="Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Coercion_(linguistics)" title="Coercion (linguistics)">Coercion</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">Counterfactuals</a></li>

<li><a href="Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Cumulativity_(linguistics)" title="Cumulativity (linguistics)">Cumulativity</a></li>

<li><a href="De_dicto_and_de_re" title="De dicto and de re">De dicto and de re</a></li>

<li><a href="Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic modality</a></li>

<li><a href="Discourse_relation" title="Discourse relation">Discourse relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Donkey_anaphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey anaphora">Donkey anaphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaustivity" title="Exhaustivity">Exhaustivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Faultless_disagreement" title="Faultless disagreement">Faultless disagreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Givenness" title="Givenness">Givenness</a></li>

<li><a href="Homogeneity_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneity (linguistics)">Homogeneity (linguistics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurford_disjunction" title="Hurford disjunction">Hurford disjunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoricity</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_subordination" title="Modal subordination">Modal subordination</a></li>

<li><a href="Opaque_context" title="Opaque context">Opaque contexts</a></li>

<li><a href="Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity items</a></li>

<li><a href="Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjectives</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantificational_variability_effect" title="Quantificational variability effect">Quantificational variability effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li>

<li><a href="Rising_declarative" title="Rising declarative">Rising declaratives</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalar_implicature" title="Scalar implicature">Scalar implicature</a></li>

<li><a href="Sloppy_identity" title="Sloppy identity">Sloppy identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modification</a></li>

<li><a href="Subtrigging" title="Subtrigging">Subtrigging</a></li>

<li><a href="Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_semantics" title="Alternative semantics">Alternative semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Combinatory_categorial_grammar" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">Combinatory categorial grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Discourse_representation_theory" title="Discourse representation theory">Discourse representation theory (DRT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Glue_semantics" title="Glue semantics">Glue semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li>

<li><a href="Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Segmented_discourse_representation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented discourse representation theory">Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervaluationism" title="Supervaluationism">Supervaluationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="Context_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Context set">Context set</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuation" title="Continuation">Continuation</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">Downward entailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_closure" title="Existential closure">Existential closure</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_application" title="Function application">Function application</a></li>

<li><a href="Meaning_postulate" title="Meaning postulate">Meaning postulate</a></li>

<li><a href="Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monads</a></li>

<li><a href="Plural_quantification" title="Plural quantification">Plural quantification</a></li>

<li><a href="Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantifier_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier raising">Quantifier raising</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(linguistics)" title="Quantization (linguistics)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Question_under_discussion" title="Question under discussion">Question under discussion</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li>

<li><a href="Squiggle_operator" title="Squiggle operator">Squiggle operator</a></li>

<li><a href="Strawson_entailment" title="Strawson entailment">Strawson entailment</a></li>

<li><a href="Strict_conditional" title="Strict conditional">Strict conditional</a></li>

<li><a href="Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">Type shifter</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_semantics" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferentialism">Inferentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">Logic translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li>

<li><a href="Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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